Về Tác Giả
Edward Dutton là một nhà nghiên cứu và nhà văn tự do. Sinh ra ở London vào năm 1980. Ông được đào tạo tại Đại học Durham, nơi ông tốt nghiệp Thần Học năm 2002, và Đại học Aberdeen, nơi ông nhận bằng Tiến Sĩ Nghiên Cứu Tôn giáo năm 2006.
Dutton đã từng là nhà nghiên cứu khách mời tại Đại học Leiden ở Hà Lan và Đại học Umeå ở Thụy Điển, đồng thời là cố vấn học thuật tại đại học King Saud ở Ả Rập Saudi. Ông đã xuất bản rộng rãi các ấn phẩm về tâm lý học trên các tạp chí như Trí Thông Minh, Tính Cách Và Sự Khác Biệt Cá Nhân Và Khoa học Tâm lý Tiến hóa (Intelligence, Personality and Individual Differences and Evolutionary Psychological Science). Các cuốn sách khác của Dutton bao gồm: Gặp gỡ Chúa Giê-su tại trường đại học: Nghi thức vượt qua và truyền giáo cho sinh viên (Meeting Jesus at University: Rites of Passage and Student Evangelicals) (Routledge, 2016), Tôn giáo và trí thông minh: Phân tích tiến hóa (Religion and Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis) (Viện nghiên cứu xã hội Ulster, 2014) và Nạn đói thiên tài (The Genius Famine) (Nhà xuất bản Đại học Buckingham, 2015) (cùng với Bruce Charlton). Nghiên cứu của Dutton đã được đăng trên các tờ báo trên toàn thế giới. Khi rảnh rỗi, Dutton thích viết gia phả và đã viết nhiều bài báo về chủ đề này.
Sự ghi nhận
Tôi xin cảm ơn Giáo sư Dimitri Van der Linden, Giáo sư Guy Madison và Tiến sĩ Bruce Charlton vì những nhận xét hữu ích của họ về những bản thảo trước đó của cuốn sách ngắn này.
Lời nói đầu của Giáo sư Bruce Charlton
Vẻ ngoài không phải lúc nào cũng lừa dối. Thật vậy, hoàn toàn ngược lại. Trong cuốn sách nhỏ mang tính thông tin và giải trí cao này, Tiến sĩ Dutton đã khảo sát dữ liệu tâm lý để hỗ trợ cho ý tưởng bị lãng quên rằng chúng ta có thể biết được nhiều điều về một người qua tướng mạo. Thực tế, hầu hết mọi người tin rằng việc họ có thể đánh giá người lạ qua khuôn mặt và cơ thể là hoàn toàn khả thi, nếu không hoàn toàn chính xác, thì ít nhất cũng đúng phần lớn. Nó liên quan đến xác suất. Miễn là chúng ta giỏi hơn sự ngẫu nhiên trong việc dự đoán các đặc điểm như tính cách, trí thông minh hoặc sự hung hăng; Nhìn chung, điều này sẽ có tác động tích cực đến thành công trong việc sinh sản và duy trì nòi giống. Thuộc tính này sẽ rất hữu ích và đôi khi rất quan trọng trong lịch sử tiến hóa của chúng ta, một loài động vật xã hội. Cuốn sách của tiến sĩ Dutton là một sự điều chỉnh cần thiết để đánh tan những huyền thoại và điều cấm kỵ hiện đại về “chủ nghĩa phán xét” và sự rập khuôn strereotype. Miễn là chúng ta sẵn sàng sửa đổi những ấn tượng đầu tiên của mình khi tìm ra được các bằng chứng mới; thật hợp lý khi coi trọng khả năng bẩm sinh trong việc tóm tắt một người lạ chỉ qua cái liếc mắt.
Về giáo sư Bruce Charlton
Ông là độc giả của Tâm Thần Học Tiến Hóa tại Đại học Newcastle và là giáo sư thỉnh giảng về Y học lý thuyết tại Đại học Buckingham.
Các Nguồn Tham Khảo
Arato, M., Frecska, E., Beck, C., An, M. & Kiss, H. (2004). Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 28: 191-194.
Aristotle. (1989). Prior Analytics. Trans. R. Smith. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Aube, J., Norcliffe, H. & Koestner, R. (1995). Physical characteristics and the multifactoral approach to the study of gender characteristics. Social Behavior and Personality, 23: 69-82.
Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Nørgaard-Pedersen, B. et al. (2015). Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism. Molecular Psychiatry, 20: 369-376.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6: 248-254.
Batrinos, M. (2014). The endocrinology of baldness. Hormones, 13: 197-212.
Baumbach, S. (2008). Shakespeare and the Art of Physiognomy. Penrith: Humanities E-books.
Benbow, C.P. (1986). Physiological correlates of extreme intellectual precocity. Neuropsychologia, 24, 719–725.
Bereczkei, T. & Mesko, N. (2007). Hair length, facial attractiveness, personality attribution: A multiple fitness model of hairdressing. Review of Psychology, 1: 35-42.
Berggren, N., Jordahl, H. & Poutvaara, P. (2017). The Right Look: Conservative Politicians Look Better and Voters Reward It. Journal of Public Economics, 146: 79-86.
Blanchard, R. (2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men. Laterality, 13: 51-70.
Bird, B., Welling, L., Ortiz, T. et al. (2016). Effects of exogenous testosterone and mating context on men’s preferences for female facial femininity. Hormonal Behavior, 85: 76-85.
Bleske-Rechek, A., Joseph, W.E., Williquette, H. et al. (2016). Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2: 214. doi:10.1007/s40806-016-0056-6.
Browne, T. (1844). Religio Medici: Its Sequel Christian Morals. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
Bulmer, M. (2004). Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Buss, D. (1989). The Evolution of Desire. New York: Basic Books.
Caccone, A. & Powell, J. (1989). Evolutionary divergence among hominids. Evolution, 43: 925-942.
Carre, J. & McCormick, C. (2008). In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B: DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0873
Cash, T. & Cash, D. (1982). Women’s use of cosmetics: psychosocial correlates and consequences. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 4: 1-14.
Cervera, S., Lahortiqa, F. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. et al. (2003). Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for incident eating disorders in a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33: 271-280.
Chang, C., (2002). Androgen and androgen receptors: Mechanisms, functions, and clinical applications. London: Springer.
Cochran, G. & Harpending, H. (2009). The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Coetzee, V., Greef, J., Stephen, I., Perrett, D. (2014). Cross-Cultural Agreement in Facial Attractiveness Preferences: The Role of Ethnicity and Gender. PLOS ONE, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099629
Cole, T.J. (2003). The secular trend in human physical growth: a biological view. Economics and Human Biology, 1:161-168.
Conard, M. A. (2006). Aptitude is Not Enough: How Personality and Behavior Predict Academic Performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 40: 339-346.
Corballis, M. (2003). From mouth to hand: Gesture, speech, and the evolution of right-handedness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26: 199-208.
Darnall, D. (2013). Mild cases of parental alienation. In Lorandos, D., Bernet, W. & Sauber, S. (Eds). Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
Davies, D. (2002). Anthropology and Theology. Oxford: Berg.
Davies, S. (2012). The Artful Species: Aesthetics, Art and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Gernbacher, M., Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science, 18: 657-662.
De Giustino, D. (2016). Conquest of Mind: Phrenology and Victorian Social Thought. London: Routledge.
Deary, I., Yang, J. Davies, G. et al. (2012). Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age. Nature, 482: 72-84.
Dixson, B. & Vasey, P. (2012). Beards augment perceptions of men’s age, social status, and aggressiveness, but not attractiveness. Behavioral Ecology, 23: 481-490.
Dragovic, M., & Hammond, G. (2005). Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 410–419.
Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., Du Plessis, I. & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 75-93.
Dunkel, C. S., Nedelec, J. L., van der Linden, D., & Marshall, R. L. (2017). Physical Attractiveness and the General Factor of Personality. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3: 185-197.
Dunkel, C., Nedelec, J., Van der Linden, D. & Marshall, R. (2016). Physical attractiveness and the general factor of personality. Adaptive Human Behavior and Psychology, DOI: 10.1007/s40750-016-0055-7
Dunkel, C., Reeve, C., Woodley of Menie, M.A., & Van der Linden, D. (2015). A comparative study of the general factor of personality in Jewish and non-Jewish populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 63-67.
Dutton, E., Madison, G. & Dunkel, C. (2017). The Mutant Says in His Heart, “There Is No God”: The Rejection of Collective Religiosity Centred Around the Worship of Moral Gods is Associated with High Mutational Load. Evolutionary Psychological Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0133-5
Dutton, E. & Van der Linden, D. (2017). Why is Intelligence Negatively Associated with Religiousness? Evolutionary Psychological Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0101-0
Dutton, E., Van der Linden, D. & Lynn, R. (2016). Population differences in androgen levels: A test of the Differential K Theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 90: 289-295.
Dutton, E. & Charlton, B. (2015). The Genius Famine: Why We Need Geniuses, Why They’re Dying Out and Why We Must rescue Them. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press.
Dutton, E. & Lynn, R. (2015). Race and Sport: Evolution and Racial Differences in Sporting Ability. London: Ulster Institute for Social Research.
Dutton, E. (2010). Latent Social Class Terms and Consumer Culture in Finland: ‘Porvari,’ ‘Amis,’ and ‘Pummi’. Arctic Anthropology, 48:1.
Dutton, E. (2008). Meeting Jesus at University: Rites of Passage and Student Evangelicals. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Dutton, E. (2007). Eye-glazing and the anthropology of religion: the positive and negative aspects of experiencing and not understanding an emotional phenomenon in religious studies research. Anthropology Matters, 9: 1.
Engel, J. (2005). Epilepsy: Global Issues for the Practicing Neurologist. New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
Eysenck, H. (1993). Creativity and personality: Suggestions for a theory. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 147-178.
Eysenck, H. (1997). Rebel With a Cause: The Autobiography of Hans Eysenck. Revised Expanded Edition. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Fodor, J. (1983). The Modularity of the Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Furnham, A. & Swami, V. (2007). Perception of female buttocks and breast size in profile. Social Behavior and Personality, 35:1-8
Galton, F. (1878). Composite Portraits, Nature, (23rd May).
Gangestad, S.W., Yeo, R.A., Shaw, P., Thoma, R., Daniel, W.F., & Korthank, A. (1996). Human leukocyte antigens and hand preference: preliminary observations. Neuropsychology, 10, 423-428.
Geschwind, N., & Behan, E. (1982). Left-handedness: associations with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 79, 5097-5100.
Gomez, A. (2012). EMDR Therapy and Adjunct Approaches with Children: Complex Trauma, Attachment, and Dissociation. New York: Springer Publishing.
Goodman, J. (2014). The wages of sinistrality: handedness, brain structure, and human capital accumulation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28, 193-212.
Goodwyn, E. (2012). The Neurobiology of the Gods: How Brain Physiology Shapes the Recurrent Imagery of Myth and Dreams. London: Routledge.
Granacher, B. (2007). Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for Clinical and Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition. CRC Press.
Gueguen, N. (2013). Effects of a Tattoo on Men’s Behavior and Attitudes Toward Women: An Experimental Field Study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42:1517.
Hallissy, M. (1995). A Companion to Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Greenwood Publishing.
Halpern, D.F., Haviland , M.G., & Killian, C.D. (1998). Handedness and sex differences in intelligence: Evidence from the Medical College Admission Test. Brain & Cognition, 38, 87–101.
Hamilton J. B., (1958). Age, sex and genetic factors in the regulation of hair growth in man. A comparison of Caucasian and Japanese populations. In: Montagna W, Ellis RA, eds, The biology of hair growth. New York: Academic Press, 399–433.
Hamilton, W. & Zuk, M. (1982). Heritable True Fitness and Bright Birds: A Role for Parasites? Science, 218:
Harmon, L. R. (1961). The High School Background of Science Doctorates: A Survey Reveals the Influence of Class Size, Region of Origin, as Well as Ability, in PhD Production. Science 133: 679–688.
Hatton, T. (2013). How have Europeans grown so tall? Oxford Economic Papers, 66: 349-372.
Havlíček, J., Třebický, V., Valentova, J.V. et al. (2016). Men’s preferences for women’s breast size and shape in four cultures. Evolution & Human Behavior.
Hayward, K. & Yar, M. (2006). The Chav phenomenon: Consumption, media, and the construction of a new underclass. Crime, Media and Culture, 2: 9-28.
Hecht, D. (2010). Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere. Neuroscientific Research, 68: 77–87.
Helgasson, A., Palsson, S., Gudbjartsson, D. et al. (2008). An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples. Science, 319: 813-816.
Herrnstein, R. & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.
Heywood, W., Patrick, K., Smith, A. et al. (2012). Who Gets Tattoos? Demographic and Behavioral Correlates of Ever Being Tattooed in a Representative Sample of Men and Women. Annals of Epidemiology, 22: 51-56.
Highfield, R., Wiseman, R. & Jenkins, R. (2009). How your looks betray your personality. New Scientist, (11 February).
Hindley, S. W., & Damon, A., (1973). Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations IV.
Mid-palangeal hair. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 39, 191-194.
Hines, M. (2011). Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behaviour. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 32: 170-182.
Irwing, P. (2013). Sex differences in g: An analysis of the US standardization sample of the WAIS III. In Nyborg, H. (Ed). Race and Sex Differences in Intelligence and Personality: A Tribute to Richard Lynn at 80. London: Ulster Institute for Social Research.
Janowsky, J., Oviatt, S., Orwoll, E. (1994). Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108: 325–32.
Jensen, A. (1998). The g Factor: The Science of the Mind. Newport: Praeger.
Johnston, D.W., Nicholls, M.E.R., Shah, M., & Shields, M.A. (2013). Handedness, health and cognitive development: evidence from children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 176, 841-860.
Joiner, M. & Kogel, A. (Eds). (2016). Basic Clinical Radiobiology. CRC Press.
Kanazawa, S. (2014). Intelligence and obesity: Which way does the direction of causation go? Current Opinion, 321-344.
Kanazawa, S. (2012). The Intelligence Paradox: Why the Intelligent Choice Isn’t Always the Smart One. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Kanazawa, S. (2011). Intelligence and physical attractiveness. Intelligence, 39: 7-14.
Kaufman, S., DeYoung, C., Reiss, D. & Gray, J. (2011). General intelligence predicts reasoning ability for evolutionarily familiar content. Intelligence, 39: 311-322.
Kirasic, K. (1989). Acquisition and utilization of spatial information by elderly adults: implications for day to day situations. In L. Poon, D. Rubin & B. Wilson. (Eds). Everyday Cognition in Adulthood and Later Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kolipakam, M. & Kalish, R. (2007). Male-pattern baldness. In Diseases and Disoders, Vol. II. New York: Marshall Cavendish.
Kosinski, M. & Wang, Y. (2017). Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images. OSF, https://osf.io/zn79k/
Kretschmer, E. (1931). Physique and Character. London: Routledge.
Kleisner, K., Chvátalová, V. & Flegr, J. (2014). Perceived intelligence is associated with measured intelligence in men but not women. PLoS ONE 9: e81237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081237
Koenig, H., McGue, M., Krueger, R. & Bouchard, T. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on religiousness: Findings for retrospective and current religiousness ratings. Journal of Personality. 73: 471-478.
Lavater, J. (1826). Physiognomy. Cowie, Low & Co.
Laythe, B., Finkel, D. & Kirkpatrick, L. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right wing authoritarianism: A multiple regression analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40: 1-10.
Lee, A., Hibbs, C., Wright, M. et al. (2017). Assessing the accuracy of perceptions of intelligence based on heritable facial features. Intelligence, 64: 1-8.
Lewis, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Al-Shawaf, L. et al. (2011). Friends with Benefits: The evolved psychology of same- and opposite-sex friendship. Evolutionary Psychology, doi/full/10.1177/147470491100900407
Lewis, K. & Bear, B. (2008). Manual of School Health – E-Book: A Handbook for School Nurses, Educators, and Health Professionals. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Lewis, M. (2012). A Facial Attractiveness Account of Gender Asymmetries in Interracial Marriage. PLOS ONE, 7: 2.
Liem, E., Joiner, T., Tsueda, K. & Sessler, D. (2005). Increased Sensitivity to Thermal Pain and Reduced Subcutaneous Lidocaine Efficacy in Redheads. Anesthesiology, 10: 509-514.
Liem, E., Lin, C., Suleman, M. et al. (2004). Anesthetic Requirement is Increased in Redheads. Anesthesiology, 101: 279-83.
Lippa. E. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16. 119-153.
Little, A., Jones, B. & DeBruine, L. (2011). Facial attractiveness: evolutionary based research. Philosophical Transactions, B. 366: 1638–1659.
Little, A. & Perrett, D. (2007). Using composite images to assess accuracy in personality attribution to faces. British Journal of Psychology, 98: 111-126.
Lynn, C. & Madeiros, C. (2017). Tattooing commitment, quality and football in Southeastern North America. In Lynn, C. et al. (Eds). Evolution Education in the American South: Culture, Politics, and Resources in and around Alabama. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lynn, R. (2011). Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations. 2nd Edition. London: Ulster Institute for Social Research.
Långström N, Rahman, Q., Carlström, E. & Lichtenstein, P. (2010). Genetic and environmental effects on same-sex sexual behavior: a population study of twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39: 75–80
Madison, G. & Ullén, F. (2012). Statistical learning and prejudice. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35: 30-31.
Malick, F., Haward, J. & Koo. J. (2008). Understanding the psychology of the cosmetic patients. Dermatologic Therapy, 21: 47-53.
Manning, J. T., Bundred, P. E., Newton, D. J., & Flanagan, B. F. (2003). The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 399-405.
Markow, T.A. (1992). Human handedness and the concept of developmental stability. Genetica, 87, 87-94.
Marks, J.S., & Williamson, D.F. (1991). Left-handedness and life expectancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1042.
Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 21, 353-363.
McKenzie, J., Taghavi-Khonsary, M. & Tindell, G. (2000). Neuroticism and academic achievement: the Furneaux Factor as a measure of academic rigor. Personality and Individual Differences, 29: 3-11.
Miller, G. (2000). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Anchor Books.
Nettle, D. (2007). Personality: What Makes You Who You Are. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nickman, S., Rosenfeld, A., Fine, P. et al. (2005). Children in adoptive families: Overview and update. Journal of the American Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44: 987-995.
Nieschlag, E. & Behre, H. (2013). Testosterone Therapy. In Nieschlag, E. & Behre, H. (Eds). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. New York: Springer.
Nijhout, H.F., & Davidowitz, G. (2003). Developmental perspectives on phenotypic variation, canalization, and fluctuating asymmetry. In M. Polak (Ed.), Developmental instability: Causes and consequences. (pp. 3-13). New York: Oxford University Press.
Nicholls, M.E.R., Chapman, H.L., Loetscher, T., & Grimshaw, G.M. (2010). The relationship between hand preference, hand performance, and general cognitive ability. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 585-592.
Nowosielski, K. et al. (2012). Tattoos, Piercing, and Sexual Behaviors in Young Adults. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9:2307.
Oosterhof, N. & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. PNAS, 105: 11087–11092.
Parentini, L. (1995). The Joy of Healthy Skin: A Lifetime Guide to Beautiful, Problem-free Skin. Prentice-Hall.
Passini, F. & Warren, N. (1966). A universal conception of personality structure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4: 44-49.
Percival, M. & Tytler, G. (Eds.), (2005). Physiognomy in Profile: Lavater’s Impact on European Culture. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
Peterson, R. & Palmer, C. (2017). The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Political Beliefs. Politics and the Life Sciences, 36: 3-16.
Pincott, J. (16th April 2011). Why are redheads more sensitive? Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/love-sex-and-babies/201104/why-are-redheads-more-sensitive
Porter, M. (2005). Windows of the Soul: Physiognomy in European Culture 1470-1780. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rahman, Q., Sharp, J., McVeigh, M. & Ho, M.-L. (2017). Sexual Orientation-Related Differences in Virtual Spatial Navigation and Spatial Search Strategies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46: 1279-1294.
Rahman Q, Symeonides D. & Symeonides, D. (2007). Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Paraphilic Sexual Interests in Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37 166–172.
Reed, J. & Blunk, E. (1990). The influence of facial hair on impression formation. Social Behavior and Personality, 18: 169-175.
Resnick, S., Berenbaum, S., Gottesman, I. et al. (1986). Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Developmental Psychology, 22: 191–198.
Robb, A. (5th February 2014). Want to look older and more aggressive? Grow a beard. New Republic, https://newrepublic.com/article/116472/psychologists-bearded-men-look-older-more-aggressive-higher-status
Ross, C. (1974). Edward IV. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
RT. (10th May 2017). Scientific racism? Chinese professor defends facial-recognition study after Google scoffing. https://www.rt.com/news/387849-study-faces-criminals-china/
Rule, N., Garrett, J. & Abady, N. (2010). On the perception of religious group membership from faces. PLoS ONE, 5(12):e14241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014241.
Rushton, J. P. & Templer, D. (2012). Do pigmentation and the melanocortin system modulate aggression and sexuality in humans as they do in other animals? Personality and Individual Differences, 53: 4-8.
Rushton, J. & Davison Ankney, C. (2009). Whole Brain Size and General Mental Ability: A Review. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119: 692-732.
Rushton, J. P. & Irwing, P. (2008). A General Factor of Personality from two meta-analyses of the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 45: 679-683.
Rushton, J. P. (2005). Ethnic nationalism, Evolutionary Psychology and Genetic Similarity Theory. Nations and Nationalism, 11: 489-507.
Rushton, J. P. (2000). Race, Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective. Third Edition. Charles Darwin Institute.
Salter, F. (2007). On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Semlyn, J., King, M., Varney, J. & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry, 16: 67.
Sheldon, W. (1940). The Varieties of Human Physique. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Silventoinen, K., Posthuma, D., van Beijsterveldt, M. et al. (2006). Genetic contributions to the association between height and intelligence: evidence from Dutch twin data from childhood to middle age. Genes, Brain and Behaviour, 5: 585-595.
Simmel, G. (1957). Fashion. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 541-558.
Sprague-McRae, J., Rosenblum, R. & Morrison, L. (2014). Child Neurology Encounter Guides: A Comprehensive Clinician Toolkit for Guiding Child Neurology Encounters. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing.
Soper, H., Satz, R., Orsini, D., Henry, R., Zvi, J.C., & Schulman, M. (1986). Handedness patterns in autism suggests subtypes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 155-167.
Soto, C., John, O., Gosling, S. & Potter, J. (2011). Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100: 330-348.
Steiner, I. (1980). Attribution of choice. In Fishbein, M. (Ed). Progress in Social Psychology, Volume I. Psychology Press.
Swami, V., Tran, U., Brooks, L. et al. (2013). Body image and personality: associations between the Big Five Personality Factors, actual-ideal weight discrepancy, and body appreciation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54: 146-151.
Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Bertl, B. & Voracek, M. (2012). Personality differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals. Psychological Reports, 111: 97-106.
Swift-Gallant, A., Coome, L., Ashley-Monks, D. & VanderLaan, D. (2017). Handedness is a biomarker of variation in anal sex role behavior and Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity among gay men. PLOS ONE: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170241
Tate, J. & Shelton, B. (2008). Personality correlates of tattooing and body piercing in a college sample: The kids are alright. Personality and Individual Differences, 45: 281-285.
Thorburn, D. (2004). How to Spot Hidden Alcoholics: Using Behavioral Clues to Recognize Addiction in Its Early Stages. Northridge, CA: Galt Publishing.
Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S. (2008). The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tsukahara, J., Harrison, T. & Engle, R. (2016). The relationship between baseline pupil size and intelligence. Cognitive Psychology, 91: 109-123.
Van der Linden, D., Dunkel, C. & Petrides, K. (2016). The General Factor of Personality (GFP) as Social Effectiveness: A Literature review. Personality and Individual Differences, 101: 98-105.
Varcarolis, E. (2014). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Verma, A. & Verma, A. (2015). A Novel Review of the Evidence Linking Myopia and High Intelligence. Journal of Opthalmology, 271746.
Vernon, P., J. Wickett, G. Bazana, & R. Stelmack. (2000). The Neuro-psychology and Psychophysiology of Human Intelligence. In R. Sternberg, (ed.). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weinbauer, G., Gromoll, J., Simoni, M. & Nieschlag, E. (2013). Physiology of testicular function. In Nischlag, E. & Behre, H. (Eds.). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. New York: Springer.
Weisberg, Y. J., DeYoung, C. G., & Hirsh, J. B. (2011). Gender differences in personality across the ten aspects of the Big Five. Frontiers in Psychology, 2: 178.
West, P. & Packer, C. (2002). Sexual selection, temperature and the lion’s mane. Science, 297: 1339-1343.
Westlund, N., Oinonen, K. A., Mazmanian, D., & Bird, J. L. (2015). The value of middle phalangeal hair as an anthropometric marker: A review of the literature. HOMO, 66: 316-331.
What Happens in Sunny Beach . . . , Series 1, Episode 1. Channel 4. 9th January 2014.
Wiggins, J., Wiggins, N. & Conger, J. (1968). Correlates of heterosexual somatic preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10: 82-89.
Wilde, O. (2012). The Picture of Dorian Gray. London: The Folio Society.
Willis, J. & Todorov, A. (2006). First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face. Psychological Science, 17: doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
Winston, R. (2010). Bad Ideas? An Arresting History of Our Inventions. London: Transworld Publishers.
Woodley of Menie, M. A., Saraff, M., Pestow, R. & Fernandes, H. (2017). Social Epistasis Amplifies the Fitness Costs of Deleterious Mutations, Engendering Rapid Fitness Decline Among Modernized Populations. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 17: 181-191.
Woodley of Menie, M.A. & Fernandes, H. (2016). The secular decline in general intelligence from decreasing developmental stability: Theoretical and empirical considerations. Personality and Individual Differences, 92: 194-199.
Wu, X. & Zhang, X. (2016). Automated Inference on Criminality using Face Images. arXiv:1611.04135.
Zahavi, A. & Zahavi, A. (1997). The Handicap Principle: The Missing Piece of Darwin’s Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zebrowitz, L. & Montepare, J. (2008). Social psychological face perception: Why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2: 1497-1517.
